Climate Change

Snow in the Sea

It’s snow time in  the Northern Hemisphere, the season of winter wonderlands and skiers’ delight. But most landlubbers don’t realize—as I didn’t until recently—that it’s always snowing in the sea.

This underwater snowfall, known as marine snow, drifts through every ocean on the planet. The term was coined in the early 1950s by Japanese researchers who described “snowflakes” swirling in waters stirred by their submersible. Invisible from shore and rarely noticed even by sailors, the silent drizzle helps keep the oceans productive and the planet healthy.

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What Caused the Sea Star Apocalypse?

The carnage began in 2013. The victims were the multi-armed, jewel-bright sea stars that glisten along the West Coast of North America. They suffered a gruesome decline: oozing lesions, arms twisting into odd shapes and sometimes breaking away, bodies dissolving into a mucus-like white goo.

As vast colonies vanished, ocean floors resembled macabre battlegrounds, strewn with detached limbs and pulpy flesh. Not even those in captivity were safe. Sea stars died in public aquariums, visitors’ centers, university laboratories. By 2017, Sea Star Wasting Syndrome had spread from Alaska to Mexico, with the toll soaring from millions to billions.

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Fog: From Both Sides Now

In Carl Sandburg’s classic poem,  the fog arrives “on little cat feet,” sits silently and moves on. But on the Northern California coast, fog doesn’t tiptoe. It billows and pounces. It sweeps over ridges and tumbles down ravines. It slithers up estuaries, rafts on the tides, trundles through the Golden Gate. And like a clueless houseguest, it overstays its welcome, lingering from Gray May through June Gloom into the month known elsewhere as August. We call it Fogust.

I used to resent the hulking thief that stole the summer skies. But after decades in its moist embrace, I’ve learned to look at fog, made of water droplets just like a cloud, from both sides — and to appreciate its unexpected gifts.

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Mussel Memory

A mussel bed along Northern California’s Dillon Beach is as healthy and biodiverse as it was about 80 years ago, when two young graduate students surveyed it shortly before Pearl Harbor was attacked and one was sent to fight in World War II.

Their unpublished, typewritten manuscript sat in the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory’s library for years until UC Davis scientists found it and decided to resurvey the exact same mussel bed with the old paper’s meticulous photos and maps directing their way.

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Dancing with Kelp

It’s a dance as old as the tides. Long before whales sang or seabirds wheeled through salty air, forests rose from the seafloor, unfurling blades toward the sun. Over eons, kelp evolved exquisite ways to bend to the sea’s rhythms, but its ballet is no mere performance. With stipes stretching up to 100 feet or more, kelp forests produce oxygen, store carbon, prevent coastal erosion and shelter a vast array of marine life.

These vital ecosystems now face unprecedented threats. As ocean waters warm and voracious grazers like purple sea urchins multiply, California’s lush kelp forests have declined by up to 90 percent. Pushed to the brink, kelp is altering its choreography.

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An Upwelling of Life

Native tribes called the Sonoma Coast the “place of churning waters.” The mighty Pacific never stops splashing, crashing, snaking into fissures, wearing away cliffs, grinding rocks into stones, stones into pebbles, pebbles into sand. But the force that parts the seas and moves the waters comes from the wind, which propels the seasonal explosion of life known as Upwelling.

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Splendor in the Seagrass

“Let’s meet in Bodega Bay,” the seagrass researcher suggested. It wasn’t until I saw him waving from thigh-high waters that I realized he literally meant in the bay. Since that soggy first encounter, I’ve acquired both waterproof waders and a deep respect for an overlooked, underappreciated and vitally important marine habitat. Seagrass may, in fact, be a silent savior of the ocean—and the planet.

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The Magic of Nature’s Vanishing Act

They appear like mirages in the dark of winter, burst into full-throated glory in Spring and fade away with the summer sun. Vernal ponds remind me of Brigadoon, the Scottish village in the classic musical that comes to life for one day every hundred years.  The first time I came upon a gleaming pond in a field that had been dry just weeks before, I was as stunned as if a bag-pipe-playing Highlander had suddenly materialized.

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Lords of the Tides

The King Tide comes to conquer. Amid fury, foam and thunderous claps, its forces roar on shore and devour everything in their path. White-fringed waves swirl across jetties, smash against cliffs, engulf beaches, inundate mudflats, pummel piers. The unstoppable invader extends its watery domain so high that it seems to be creating the world anew.

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